Answer question 3 - Lambda = 0,01155

• Figure 1 shows the parameters of the Excel program: "Friedmann's equation.xls"
  The yellow parameters are input parameters.
  The parameter "Lab C" is called "Lambda Critical" Which is defined as: 4 / (9 * C^2)
• Figure 1 A shows what is called the a and b curves. See Background information.
• Figure 1 B shows the path of a light ray.
• Figure 1 C shows a detail, close to the Big Bang. The earliest data is roughly 300000 years after the Big Bang.

In order to test the accuracy of the simulation use the CAMB Web Interface
Make the following modifications:

• Change Hubble Constant to 71.
• Change Omega(c) * h2 to 0.112
  The result will be that Omega(m) * h2 = Omega(b) * h2 + Omega(c) * h2 = 0.1346

Now select GO
The results are: Age of the Universe = 13.707, Omega_M = 0.267011 and Omega_Lambda = 0.732989

Which is close to the results below:

Age of the Universe = 13.74, Omega_M = 0.266837 and Omega_Lambda = 0.733163

Excel parameters Figure 1

c = 60 Lambda = 0,01155 v0 = 3 Figure 1 A

c = 60 Lambda = 0,01155 v0 = 3 Figure 1 B

Figure 1 C Detail Figure 1 C shows the detail of Figure 1 B in the range of 0 to 1 billion years. The black line represents the 100% distance line. The blue line shows the light ray starting from the Big Bang which reaches the Observer now.

The dashed line in Figure 1 B shows the Hubble sphere. This is radius where the recession velocity is equal to the speed of light.
Observe that this is the maximum distance from both the blue and the green line.
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